Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used everywhere from motors to communication! It uses timer as its foundation to toggle the pins high-low at a defined period (1/frequency) and duty cycle (10 bit resolution – 210 = 1024 steps). If you use high frequency, then you won’t get the 10 bit resolution. Read the document bellow to find more information.
Read this document and you’ll know a lot about PWM : http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/devicedoc/31014a.pdf
So in previous tutorial we saw about using a timer. Now my task is to make a LED do the heart beat effect (gradually increase/decrease the brightness of an LED using PWM).
To set a PWM:
- Setup the timer (to the frequency/period)
- Set the duty cycle (you will be using the functions from pwm.h)
So I am going to set the PWM frequency to 2KHz (since using 8MHz as clock source and prescale of 16, getting less than 2KHz is difficult), so the formula according to the datasheet will be (we are going to find PR2)
PWM period = [(PR2) + 1] • 4 • TOSC • (TMR2 prescale value)
where PWM period = 1/ Frequency (that will be 1/2000 = .0005)
.0005 = [PR2 + 1] • [1 / 8000000] • 16
PR2 + 1 = [.0005 • 8000000] / 16
PR2 + 1 = 250
PR2 = 249
PR2 = 0xF9 ( 249 in hex)
Note : Read the datasheet and peripheral library document. PWM1 uses Timer 2. You can use other timers as source for your PWM, but read and make sure if you can or can’t in the datasheet of the device you are using.
To set timer2 for PWM, we just need to set the presale value
unsigned char Timer2Config = T2_PS_1_16; OpenTimer2(Timer2Config);
And then open the PWM
OpenPWM1(0xF9); //2KHz
So here is the whole sample PWM program and the video below it
#define _XTAL_FREQ 8000000 //The speed of your internal(or)external oscillator #define USE_AND_MASKS #include <xc.h> #include "config.h" #include <plib/timers.h> #include <plib/pwm.h> int i = 0; int countup = 1; //our flag to set up/down dutycycle int DutyCycle = 0; unsigned char Timer2Config; //PWM clock source void SetupClock(void); void main(int argc, char** argv) { SetupClock(); // Internal Clock to 8MHz TRISCbits.RC2 = 0; //PWM pin set as output Timer2Config = T2_PS_1_16; //prescale 16 OpenTimer2(Timer2Config); OpenPWM1(0xF9); //Open pwm at 2KHz while(1) //infinite loop { if(countup == 1) { SetDCPWM1(DutyCycle); //Change duty cycle DutyCycle++; if(DutyCycle == 1024) countup = 0; } else { SetDCPWM1(DutyCycle); //Change duty cycle DutyCycle--; if(DutyCycle == 0) countup = 1; } __delay_ms(1); } } void SetupClock() { OSCCONbits.IRCF0 = 1; OSCCONbits.IRCF1 = 1; OSCCONbits.IRCF2 = 1; }
And here is the video
Hi. I can’t use/access the code “Timer2Config”. I opened the library and i found that the corresponding code to timer2 is written in grey and don’t have that comment trace and asterisk /*. Do you possibly know why that is and how i can enable the timer2 plib easy coding?
Thanks in advance.
Timer2Config is a variable (look above the main function where a bunch of variables are declared)
unsigned char Timer2Config;
@singularengineer
Hahaha. Sorry, i forgot to write the rest of the code. I wanted to say the code line “Timer2Config T2_PS_1_16”. It doesn’t accept the T2_PS_1_16 because timer2 isn’t enabled in timers.h plib. The code it’s in grey unlike the timer0 that is in blue and black.
Looks like you dropped the 4 in the equation.
0.0005 = [PR2 + 1] * 4 * [1/8000000] * 16
so PR2 = 61.5
@Dave
You are right. I missed it. Editing a post is difficult since the format messes up. Will make sure wont’ happen again. Thanks for looking in.
Hello
I tried your code using MPLABX for PIC18F4550. It compiles fine
With PIC18F45K50 it does not. I receive an error : “:0: error: undefined symbols:”
Why am I telling you this ? Because I am working with PIC18F45K80 and I am receiving the same error
How can I fix it ?
Thanks in advance
Hmm.. very limited information has been presented. Need more info (complete compiler output) and your code. Will take ages for me to check back in the comments section. Microchip forum is a place where you will get solution in few hours. If you already found a solution, please reply so that it will be useful for others.
Thanks.
@singularengineer
Let me be more accurate. I tried with MPLABX 1.95 and XC8 1.21
Your code compiled successfully with PIC18F4550, with error with PIC18F45K50 (same error “:0: error: undefined symbols:”
Try. It takes 5 minutes
Well, please read the datasheet.
18F4550 – has CCP1 and CCP2
18F45k50 – has ECCP1 and CCP2
Ref : Chapter 15 in both the datasheets. and read C:\Program Files (x86)\Microchip\xc8\v1.21\docs\MPLAB_XC8_Peripheral_Libraries.pdf on how to use ECCP
@mihaistoica
Could it be because you’re using plibs? I would recommend you not to use plibs. They can be an easy way for programming, but they come with a lot of trouble when you can’t use them. I think it is due to “ifdefs”. Try looking at the plib document and change the code to write/read the registers instead of using the plibs.
Please, give your feedback.
Hi, very nice post and explanation.
One thing I’m not too clear on: When you used OpenTimer2(), you passed it an argument of Timer2Config, which you set to be the defined macro containing the prescale settings.
When I look at the Xc8 standard peripheral library documentation however, the bit about OpenTimer2 (page 1124) says that the arugment to that function should be all of the a number of configuration settings ORed or ANDed together. If you scroll down to the input parameter bit it says these should be not only Prescale Value, but also postscale value and Enable Timer2 Interrupt.
In addition. in the example they provide in that same document (page 1147), OpenTimer1() (which I appreciate is a different function with, but still works in the same way in relation to how its input parameter is defined), is written like
config1 = T1_8BIT_RW | T1_SOURCE_EXT | T1_PS_1_8
| T1_OSC1EN_ON | T1_SYNC_EXT_ON | TIMER_INT_ON;
So my question is, how and why can you get away with only using the prescaler value as the input to ur OpenTimer2 function, without anding/oring it with the other configuration setting values? Or am I misunderstanding it?
Thanks in advanced 🙂
Sorry about the delayed response.
I’m not sure if I understood your question, but let me guess. Why am I not using all the parameters? By default they all have 1:1 on scale value. Unless you want it to be changed there is no need to add that parameter. In simple words, just AND/OR only the parameters you use/change.
Hope I answered your question.
Hi,
I can’t find config.h
When I compile, the error message is shown “plib / pwm.h: 32: error: (141) can not open include file” pconfig.h “: No such file or directory”.
What library is this?
You got to create your own config.h. This link will help you to create your config.h file
plib/pwm.h –> plib is a folder where you got a bunch of microchip’s library header files. Use angular bracket.
salve a tutti
come si fa a creare il file config.h e dove devo meterlo?
grazie
You need to create your own configuration bits. Please check the post
@singularengineer
Hi,
I use PIC18F8722 mcu.
but i can’t find the library with the functions as putsUSART, openUSART, etc. are they included in the compilers? Please send me the link to let me use these functions in my code of USART, thank you.
Fabm
Yes, included with your compiler installation. You can find the documentation file in C:\Program Files (x86)\Microchip\xc8\{compiler-version}\docs\MPLAB_XC8_Peripheral_Libraries.pdf
Ok.. now I understand your question. Your part has two UART ports. So you have to use puts1USART and puts2USART for which one you are trying to use. Similarly Open1USART to open USART1 and Open2USART to open USART2. It is all mentioned in the post.
the calculculations are wrong
PRX=61 in decimal if we use prescale 16
to use PRx=249 the prescale has to be 4